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Federal Style, 1790-1845

Garden layouts changed as the pioneer settlements grew and housing became more sophisticated. Ornamental plants appeared alongside fruits and vegetables. Many gardeners arranged their plants according to the ancient "four square" pattern, and contemporary British designs were popular. But true to their democratic ideals, American gardeners developed a style of their own that allowed for the expression of individual tastes. Horticultural markets grew, spurred by industrialization, exploding city populations, and urban demand for gardening, Also, the first horticultural societies were formed.

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Quotation by Samuel P. Hildreth, 1775: "On his farm, a little below the mouth of the Muskingum, he erected a neat dwelling-house, and planted an extensive orchard of the choicest fruits, of which he was an intelligent and successful cultivator. The garden was arranged with neatness and taste, and ornamented with shrubbery, flowers, &c., showing a relish for the beautiful as well as the useful."

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